Abstract
The effects of nonlinear enhancement of focusing gain and saturation are studied and compared for high-intensity focused ultrasound sources with an initial Gaussian shading and uniform amplitude distribution. Simulations are performed using the Khokhlov Zabolotskaya (KZ) nonlinear parabolic equation for weakly dissipative medium in a wide range of source linear focusing gains and source pressure amplitudes, including the strongly nonlinear regime with shocks. An artificial absorption proportional to the fourth power of frequency or an asymptotic frequency-domain approach is employed in the algorithm in order to reduce the number of harmonics for accurate modeling of strongly distorted waveforms with shocks. The effect of focusing gain and amplitude shading of the source on nonlinear enhancement of acoustic energy concentration and saturation levels at the focus is discussed. It is shown that nonlinear enhancement of focusing gain is different for different values of linear gain, different spatial distributions of the source amplitude, and different parameters of acoustic field. The levels of nonlinear saturation at the focus are obtained for very high source amplitudes. The results of simulations give lower enhancement and higher saturation levels compared to the known approximate analytic predictions. [Work supported in part by NIH Fogarty and NSBRI.]
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