Nonlinear and linear models for losses of plug in hybrid electric vehicle: A computation approach

Abstract

This paper presents nonlinear and linear models for the losses of Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). An accurate model to calculate the PHEV losses for just one vehicle is not remarkable. However, in the case of including thousands of vehicles, even a slight error for each vehicle leads to significant total losses which decreases the vehicles' owner profit. In previous works, the losses of PHEV charging and discharging mode are equally considered as a percentage of PHEV rating power. However, the charging and discharging mode losses are neither equal nor constant. Therefore, a nonlinear model of PHEV losses is presented for different parts of PHEV structure, i.e., AC/DC inverter, DC/DC converter and battery. After that, a simplified linear model for PHEV losses is presented to decrease the computation burden in the case of participating large number of PHEVs in the energy market. In the case study, the proposed losses formulation is used to obtain optimal charging and discharging time of PHEV. The profit of the PHEV owner is also maximized considering energy price in the energy market.