Nonlinear analysis of Darcy-Forchheimer flow in EMHD ternary hybrid nanofluid (Cu-CNT-Ti/water) with radiation effect

Abstract

This article aims to explore the influence of non-linear Darcy-Forchheimer on the EMHD (Electromagnetohydrodynamic) flow of a couple stress water-based nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid, and ternary hybrid nanofluid with thermal radiation on a stretching sheet. The significant improvement in thermal efficiency and the energy exchange rate used in fuel dynamics and vehicle cooling has led to an increasing understanding of hybrid nanofluids. However, the concept of a water-based nanofluid containing three distinct solid nanoparticles (referred to as a ternary hybrid nanofluid) is nevertheless remarkable. The ternary hybrid nanoparticles copper (Cu), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and titanium (Ti) are suspended in the base fluid water (H2O). Established mathematical equations are nonlinear, which are resolved for velocity, the temperature in addition to the skin friction coefficient, and the rate of heat transfer by using bvp4c with MATLAB solver. The connotations of innumerable control parameters are exposed through graphical picturization and discussed in detail. The results were compared with specific references, and a righteous compromise was found. Increasing inertia coefficient values causes a decrease in velocity, but temperature causes a contradictory behavior in ternary hybrid nanofluids. The temperature profile is raised for the higher values of the Eckert number in the case ofn=0.5 and n=1.5. The ternary hybrid nanofluid has more influence than the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid in the temperature profile.