Abstract
Simple SummaryBladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with approximatively 550,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths in 2018. BC is divided into two subgroups: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, an early stage of the cancer, and muscle invasive bladder cancer, which is more aggressive. The crucial issue today is to be able to detect BC easily and early, with high sensitivity and specificity, in order to treat it sooner, using less invasive methods. Over the past decade, progress has been made to improve detection methods using novel urinary biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the present and future of noninvasive urine tests to diagnose or detect the recurrence of bladder cancer.Liquid biopsies are increasingly used for the diagnosis and follow-up of cancer patients. Urine is a body fluid that can be used to detect cancers and others diseases. It is noninvasive and easy to collect. To detect Bladder Cancer (BC), cytology is the first assay used. It is an effective way to detect high grade BC but has a high rate of equivocal results, especially for low grade BC. Furthermore, cystoscopy is used to confirm cytology results and to determine cancer status. Cystoscopy is also effective but highly invasive, and not well accepted by patients, especially for BC follow-up. In this review we survey the numerous assays recently developed in order to diagnose BC at an early stage, and to facilitate the follow-up of patients. We discuss their effectiveness, ease of use, and applications. Finally, we discuss assays that, in the future, could improve the diagnosis and management of BC patients.
Highlights
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with approximatively 550,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths in 2018
The aim of this review is to present BC diagnostic tests that are available and are being developed at the moment
The specificity and sensitivity of each test will be compared to cytology and cystoscopy results, and every positive or negative aspect will be highlighted to have a clear vision of what their use could bring to the field
Summary
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with approximatively 550,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths in 2018. Urine cytology is an easy assay to perform, and it has a sensitivity of 37% (95% CI 35–39%) and a specificity of 95% (95% CI 94–95%) It has good results for the detection of high-grade tumors. It is systematically performed when there is a suspicion of BC with urine cytology [9] This method has a sound sensitivity (68.3 to 100%) but can give false negative result (due to operator error or the difficulty of finding the tumor because of its small size at the carcinoma in situ stage). Many new tests have been developed in order to detect BC earlier than with current cytology and cystoscopy, and to improve the specificity of BC diagnosis. The specificity and sensitivity of each test will be compared to cytology and cystoscopy results, and every positive or negative aspect will be highlighted to have a clear vision of what their use could bring to the field (the summarized information has been compiled in Supplementary Table S1)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
