Abstract
Atpresent, the assessment ofpig welfare quality has gained significant importance, prompting theexploration ofnovel biomarkers for this purpose. Traditionally, these biomarkers have been monitored inthe blood; however, blood sampling isconsidered aninvasive procedure. Currently, non-invasive methods for collecting samples are emerging asviable alternatives for assessing these biomarkers. This article aims topresent the current knowledge regarding the use ofnon-invasive methods for analysing pig welfare biomarkers, specifically focusing onthe saliva, hair, faeces, and urine asmatrices todetermine these biomarkers. The saliva analysis encompasses various biomarkers, such ascortisol, alpha-amylase, chromogranin A, the total esterase, oxytocin, acute phase proteins, adenosine deaminase, immunoglobulins and parameters ofredox homeostasis. Cortisol, aspecific biomarker, can bedetermined inthe hair, urine and faeces, while urine samples allow for the analysis ofcatecholamines asnon-invasive markers ofpig welfare.
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