Abstract
Simple SummaryEarly diagnosis of breast cancer greatly increases the chance of cure and survival from the disease. The mammogram is widely used for early detection of breast cancer, but its effectiveness and accuracy have been a concern for a long time as well as its inability in detecting small cancers, especially in women with dense breast tissues. Therefore, it is an unmet clinical need to develop a simple, convenient test to overcome the shortcomings of mammography. Liquid biopsy, which is based on the analysis of body fluids, has attracted much attention in the search for cancer biomarkers. Recent advances in analytical techniques have gradually made it possible to detect breast cancer early through a biomarker analysis of blood, nipple aspirate fluid, sweat, urine, tears, or the breath. We envision that a simple blood or breath test holds great promise as a biomarker for early detection of breast cancer in the near future.Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Accurate early diagnosis of breast cancer is critical in the management of the disease. Although mammogram screening has been widely used for breast cancer screening, high false-positive and false-negative rates and radiation from mammography have always been a concern. Over the last 20 years, the emergence of “omics” strategies has resulted in significant advances in the search for non-invasive biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis at an early stage. Circulating carcinoma antigens, circulating tumor cells, circulating cell-free tumor nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), circulating microRNAs, and circulating extracellular vesicles in the peripheral blood, nipple aspirate fluid, sweat, urine, and tears, as well as volatile organic compounds in the breath, have emerged as potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers to supplement current clinical approaches to earlier detection of breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the current progress of research in these areas.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide
Circulating tumor DNA in the bloodstream has emerged as a promising biomarker of disease status for breast cancer [20,87,88,89,90]
Based on the preprocessed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of tear fluid obtained from five patients with breast cancer and five healthy controls, breast cancer can be predicted with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 100% [60]
Summary
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. The incidence and mortality rates for female breast cancer far exceeded those for other cancers [1]. Detection of breast leads to to better outcomes. Mammogram screening has been commonly used for early detection of breast cancer in many high-income countries. Overdiagnosis through breast cancer mammogram screening has been recognized to the onset of cancer. Mammograms tumors and are less accurate cancer detection in women withindense breasts. It is imperative detect small tumors and arein less accurate in cancer detection women with dense breasts. 1) of [13,14]
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