Noninfective mitral valve vegetations identified by transesophageal echocardiography as a cause of stroke

Abstract

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a useful procedure to evaluate selected stroke patients for cardiac sources of embolism. To date, noninfective valvular vegetations have not been described in large studies using transesophageal echocardiography to detect cardiac sources of embolism. We sought to investigate the frequency of noninfective valvular vegetations in patients with unexplained stroke referred for TEE and to determine the relationship of these vegetations to unrecognized thrombophilic disorders. We evaluated 641 consecutive patients referred for TEE as a result of unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack for the presence of valvular vegetations. Of those with vegetations identified, serial blood cultures were obtained to evaluate for an infectious etiology. Patients also had serum testing for thrombophilic disorders and selected patients underwent cerebral angiography. Thirteen patients (2%) who underwent TEE evaluation for unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack were found to have noninfective valvular vegetations, all involving the mitral valve; none were identified by transthoracic echocardiography. Antiphospholipid antibodies were identified in 8 of these 13 patients (62%) and a protein C deficiency in 1 patient (8%). Noninfective valvular vegetations are a potential cardiac source of embolism in patients with unexplained stroke that can be better identified using transesophageal echocardiography. A large percentage of these individuals have a previously unrecognized thrombophilic disorder.