Nonimage-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Palpable Axillary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer Patients

Abstract

We report the utility of office-based, nonimaged guided fine needle aspiration of palpable axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. We examine the sensitivity and specificity of this procedure, and examine factors associated with a positive fine needle aspiration biopsy result. Although the utility of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) of axillary lymph nodes is well established, there is little data on nonimage guided office-based FNA of palpable axillary lymphadenopathy. We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of nonimage-guided FNA of axillary lymphadenopathy in patients presenting with breast cancer, and report factors associated with a positive FNA result. Retrospective study of 94 patients who underwent office-based FNA of palpable axillary lymph nodes between 2004 and 2008 was conducted. Cytology results were compared with pathology after axillary sentinel node or lymph node dissection. Nonimage-guided axillary FNA was 86% sensitive and 100% specific. On univariate analysis, patients with positive FNA cytology had larger breast tumors (p = 0.007), more pathologic positive lymph nodes (p < 0.0001), and were more likely to present with a palpable breast mass (p = 0.006) or with radiographic lymphadenopathy (p = 0.002). FNA-positive patients had an increased presence of lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.001), higher stage of disease (p < 0.001), higher N stage (p < 0.0001), and higher rate of HER2/neu expression (p = 0.008). On multivariate analysis, radiographic lymphadenopathy (p = 0.03) and number of positive lymph nodes (p = 0.04) were associated with a positive FNA result. Nonimage-guided FNA of palpable axillary lymphadenopathy in breast cancer patients is an inexpensive, sensitive, and specific test. Prompt determination of lymph node positivity benefits select patients, permitting avoidance of axillary ultrasound, sentinel lymph node biopsy, or delay in receiving neoadjuvant therapy. This results in time and cost savings for the health care system, and expedites definitive management.