Nonideal plasma under extreme conditions generated by shock waves

Abstract

Summary form only given, as follows. The physical properties of strongly coupled matter at high energy densities are analyzed in a broad region of the phase diagram. The theoretical and experimental methods of hot dense matter investigations are discussed. The main attention is paid to shock wave methods. Intense shock, rarefaction and radiative waves in gaseous, solid and porous samples, explosion and bulk electron and ion heating were used for generation of extremely high temperatures and high pressures. The highly time-resolved diagnostics allow us to measure the thermodynamical, radiative and mechanical properties of high temperature condensed matter in the broad region of the phase diagram from compressed condensed solid states up to the low density gas range, including high temperature evaporation curves with near-critical states of metals, strongly coupled plasma, and metal-insulator transition regions. Thermodynamical parameters of metal critical points are analyzed and compared with the theoretical predictions. The shock-wave-induced nonequilibrium phenomena at fast melting and adiabatical condensation are analyzed in the framework of the interspinodal decomposition model. The theoretical interpretation of the opacity measurements demonstrates strong deformation of discrete spectrum in coupled materials. The pressure ionization phenomena in hydrogen, iodine, silica, sulfur, fullerenes, and some metals are analyzed on the base of multiple shock compression experiments. The spall strength of single and polycrystal metals at extremely high deformation rates produced by fast shock waves is discussed.