Abstract
This article starts with a brief history of the use and production of nonferrous metals and the occurrences of the minerals from which they are extracted. The modern methods of producing different groups of metals from minerals found in Earth’s crust are described. This is followed by the types and recycling methods of major metals for which a large percentage of fresh metal is produced from scraps. The article then presents processes of refining and value-addition for selected metals, followed by a discussion of the importance of waste and environmental issues associated with the use and production of nonferrous metals.
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