Abstract
Experimental research designs feature two essential ingredients: manipulation of an independent variable and random assignment of subjects. However, in a quasi-experimental design, subjects are assigned to groups based on non-random criteria. This design allows for manipulation of the independent variable with the aim of examining causality between an intervention and an outcome. In social and behavioral research, this design is useful when it may not be logistically or ethically feasible to use a randomized control design – the “gold standard.” Although not as strong as an experiment, non-equivalent control group pretest–posttest designs are usually higher in internal validity than correlation designs. Overcoming possible threats to internal and external validity in a non-equivalent control group pretest–posttest design, such as cofounding variables, are discussed in relation to sample selection, power, effect size, and specific methods of data analyses.
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