Abstract
The theory of non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation is discussed with particular reference to recent ideas and data relating to boron grain-boundary segregation in Type 316 austenitic steel. The kinetics of the non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation process are considered in depth and a model is developed which, it is hoped, will more realistically describe the magnitude and extent of the process. Reasonable agreement is found between the predictions of the model and experimental evidence for non-equilibrium boron, aluminium and titanium segregation to grain boundaries in austenitic steels. The model predicts, generally, that elements with large misfits with the matrix atoms will segregate most. Larger grain sizes lead to greater grain-boundary segregation. Also, the two critical heat-treatment parameters in non-equilibrium segregation are the solution-treatment temperature and the cooling rate from the solution-treatment temperature. Predictions of the worst combinations of these parameters for maximum non-equilibrium segregation to grain boundaries in austenitic steels are presented.
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