Abstract
The noninvasive measurement of serum glucose levels has been investigated for the monitoring of blood sugar control in diabetes. In our study, we aimed to develop a novel noncontact glucometer (NCGM) utilizing an optical approach to measure the intraocular aqueous humor glucose levels in the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. The NCGM consists of a hybrid optical system that simultaneously measures near-infrared absorption and the polarized rotatory distribution of glucose molecules in the aqueous humor. In vitro optical measurements demonstrated that NCGM measurements had high precision and repeatability for different glucose levels, including 50 mg/dL (14.36%), 100 mg/dL (−4.05%), 200 mg/dL (−5.99%), 300 mg/dL (4.86%), 400 mg/dL (−2.84%), 500 mg/dL (−0.11%), and 600 mg/dL (4.48%). In the rabbit experiments, we found a high correlation between aqueous glucose levels and serum glucose levels, with a mean difference of 8 mg/dL. According to the testing results, the in vivo NCGM measurement of aqueous humor glucose levels also displayed a high correlation with serum glucose levels, with a mean difference of 29.2 mg/dL. In conclusion, aqueous humor glucose levels were accurately measured using the NCGM, and the results correlated with serum glucose levels.
Highlights
An estimated 1 in 11 adults aged between 20 and 79 years was living with diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2015 [1]
The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to perform an in vitro study to examine the precision and accuracy of optical readings obtained by the noncontact glucometer (NCGM) for different glucose concentrations; (2) to perform an in vivo study to investigate the precision and accuracy of NCGM optical readings for monitoring glucose levels in the aqueous humor of rabbit eyes; and (3) to examine the correlations between NCGM optical readings, rabbit aqueous glucose levels, and rabbit serum glucose levels
Each solution was measured for 20 minutes with a recording frequency of 10 Hz (10 times per second) to produce 12,000 measurements and consecutive sets of 1000 measurements were averaged and plotted
Summary
An estimated 1 in 11 adults aged between 20 and 79 years was living with diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2015 [1]. The increase in the incidence of DM has been ascribed to an aging global population, continued economic development and urbanization, unhealthy eating habits, and an increase in the proportion of people with inactive lifestyles [1]. The preferred method for point-of-care and personal blood glucose monitoring is an electrochemical method that uses glucose oxidase and represents an affordable and straightforward method that is easy to perform. This method is highly accurate and specific and has limited cross-reactivity; the technique is invasive, requiring a small blood sample. A concerted effort has focused on the development of less invasive techniques for glucose monitoring
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