Non-Condon Effects in the Resonance Hyper-Raman Scattering of Chalcogen-Substituted Rhodamine Derivatives

Abstract

Molecules with a strong two-photon response have gained significant interest because of their applications in two-photon imaging, all-optical switching, and energy up-conversion. The surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering (SEHRS) of tetramethyl chalcogenorosamines are taken on- and off-resonance and compared to time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Specifically, changes in the SEHRS spectra are tracked as a function of structural geometry because of perturbations induced by larger chalcogen atom substitutions to the xanthene ring. Here we show that the spectral changes and non-Condon effects can be understood by tracking the vibrational normal modes and the vibrationally induced changes to the highest occupied molecular orbitals. With a system in place to explore the relationship between structural geometry and nonlinear properties, various rhodamine derivatives can be characterized as a means to optimally design a series of two-photon bright compounds.