Abstract
Simple SummaryThyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine system malignancy. The effective diagnosis, precise treatment, and better short and long-term prognosis of thyroid cancer patients have remained challenging. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging molecules with diverse capabilities in initiating and promoting thyroid cancer upon dysregulation. The expression profile of these molecules could be used to detect thyroid cancer, determine the therapeutic approaches, and predict the patients’ survival. Thus, ncRNAs could have clinical significance in precision medicine.Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent malignancy of the endocrine system and the ninth most common cancer globally. Despite the advances in the management of thyroid cancer, there are critical issues with the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer that result in the poor overall survival of undifferentiated and metastatic thyroid cancer patients. Recent studies have revealed the role of different non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) that are dysregulated during thyroid cancer development or the acquisition of resistance to therapeutics, and may play key roles in treatment failure and poor prognosis of the thyroid cancer patients. Here, we systematically review the emerging roles and molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs that regulate thyroid tumorigenesis and drug response. We then propose the potential clinical implications of ncRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for thyroid cancer.
Highlights
Thyroid carcinoma is the most prevalent malignancy of the endocrine system with a significantly higher incidence in women [1,2,3] and is the 9th most common cancer globally [3]
According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the 5-year survival for most of the non-metastatic thyroid cancer types is above 95%, whereas this rate falls drastically to 31% for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC)
The exact modes of action by which these long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) promote/suppress thyroid carcinomas have not been elucidated, we summarize a number of altered lncRNAs with implications in Wnt and PI3 K/Akt signaling pathways (Figure 2)
Summary
Thyroid carcinoma is the most prevalent malignancy of the endocrine system with a significantly higher incidence in women [1,2,3] and is the 9th most common cancer globally [3]. That is more aggressive than PTC and FTC, has higher metastatic rates to cervical lymph nodes and distant sites, and occurs in 4% of thyroid cancer cases. There is lack of inclusive data to know how these alterations could mechanistically impose tumorigenic properties in the context of thyroid cancer Despite this ambiguity, the dysregulation of some other miRNAs has been reported to promote thyroid carcinomas via different signaling pathways, such as Wnt and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase (PI3 K)/Akt (Figure 2). Well-known cancer-related pathways, NFκB and Wnt, are tightly regulated by miRNAs and lncRNAs in thyroid cancer. Dysregulation of these miRNAs and lncRNAs in various types of thyroid cancer eventually results in the induction of proliferation, migration and invasion, while apoptosis is suppressed. Note: Pink represents direct targets of miRNAs, green represents direct miRNA targets of lncRNAs and blue represents the indirect target of miRNA or lncRNAs
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