Abstract
Cilia are small organelles present at the surface of most differentiated cells where they act as sensors for mechanical or biochemical stimuli. Cilia assembly and function require the Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) machinery, an intracellular transport system that functions in association with microtubules and motors. If IFT proteins have long been studied for their ciliary roles, recent evidences indicate that their functions are not restricted to the cilium. Indeed, IFT proteins are found outside the ciliary compartment where they are involved in a variety of cellular processes in association with non-ciliary motors. Recent works also provide evidence that non-ciliary roles of IFT proteins could be responsible for the development of ciliopathies related phenotypes including polycystic kidney diseases. In this review, we will discuss the interactions of IFT proteins with microtubules and motors as well as newly identified non-ciliary functions of IFT proteins, focusing on their roles in cell division. We will also discuss the potential contribution of non-ciliary IFT proteins functions to the etiology of kidney diseases.
Highlights
Scientists have identified and described flagella since hundreds of years
While IFT88 depletion does not prevent cytokinesis per se, this study showed that Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) proteins were required to control cell division geometry by controlling cleavage furrow ingression
This study demonstrated for the first time a direct regulatory role for IFT proteins on the activity of a ciliary kinesin
Summary
Scientists have identified and described flagella since hundreds of years. the development of novel staining methods and the advance of microscopy techniques, in the second half of the 19th century allowed rapid progress in the description of this organelle. IFT172 interacts with the microtubule plus-end binding protein EB1 known to modulate microtubule dynamics and that localizes at the flagella tip (Pedersen et al, 2003, 2005) This literature indicates that IFT proteins can play regulatory roles on the microtubule cytoskeleton both inside and outside the cilium by interacting with tubulin and microtubules directly or through MAPs. part of IFT54/DYF-11/MIP-T3 (Taschner et al, 2016). IFT88 was initially described for its role in mitotic spindle orientation in kidney cells and zebrafish embryos (Delaval et al, 2011) In this context, IFT88, in association with the non-ciliary cytoplasmic dynein 1, is required for the re-localization of peripheral microtubule clusters to the poles of the mitotic spindle. Those results unraveled key roles for IFT proteins in controlling cell division geometry in association with microtubules and motors
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