Abstract
The constant increase in greenhouse gases in the environment is forcing people to look for different ways to reduce such pollution. One of these ways is the use of biodiesel for road transport. Conventional biodiesel production involves the catalytic triglyceride transesterification process. When using homogeneous two-stage catalysis, it is difficult to purify the resulting product from the by-products formed, and the catalysts cannot be reused. In the case of heterogeneous catalysis, the process costs are increased due to separation and regeneration of the catalysts. To solve these problems of catalytic synthesis, a noncatalytic process has been recently studied that which takes place under supercritical conditions for an alcohol or other acyl receptor. In such biodiesel production, fatty feedstocks and alcohols are used as raw materials, with the synthesis taking place at supercritical conditions for alcohol, i.e., high temperature and pressure, thus making the process quite simple. This paper reviews the results obtained from biodiesel synthesis using a noncatalytic supercritical process for transesterification using both alcohols and carboxylate esters of low molecular weight, evaluating the optimal conditions for these processes and biofuel stability at high temperatures.
Highlights
One of them is the amount of alcohol, which is usually expressed in terms of the molar ratio of alcohol to oil
The raw materials differed in their content of water and free fatty acids: refined palm oil contained less than 0.01% free fatty acids and less than 0.01% water, while the used palm oil contained 4.56% free fatty acids and 0.18% water
The yield of transesterification with short-chain alcohols under supercritical conditions depends on four main variables
Summary
Oil of high quality is transesterified with methanol using sodium or potassium hydroxide as a catalyst [5,6] Such a process is not suitable for biodiesel production when using non-edible raw materials with a higher content of free fatty acids and/or water [7], because soaps are formed during the reaction of alkali catalyst with free fatty acids and high-quality biodiesel is not obtained. Optimization of the process for the production of biodiesel under supercritical conditions requires the selection of independent variables that influence the process effectiveness and biodiesel yield, such as temperature, pressure, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, and reaction duration [19,20].
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