Abstract
Skeletal systems provide support, movement, and protection to the human body. It can be affected by several life suffering bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone cancers. It is not an easy job to treat bone disorders because of avascular cartilage regions. Treatment with non-specific drug delivery must utilize high doses of systemic administration, which may result in toxicities in non-skeletal tissues and low therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, in order to overcome such limitations, developments in targeted delivery systems are urgently needed. Although the idea of a general targeted delivery system using bone targeting moieties like bisphosphonates, tetracycline, and calcium phosphates emerged a few decades ago, identification of carrier systems like viral and non-viral vectors is a recent approach. Viral vectors have high transfection efficiency but are limited by inducing immunogenicity and oncogenicity. Although non-viral vectors possess low transfection efficiency they are comparatively safe. A number of non-viral vectors including cationic lipids, cationic polymers, and cationic peptides have been developed and used for targeted delivery of DNA, RNA, and drugs to bone tissues or cells with successful consequences. Here we mainly discuss such various non-viral delivery systems with respect to their mechanisms and applications in the specific targeting of bone tissues or cells. Moreover, we discuss possible therapeutic agents that can be delivered against various bone related disorders.
Highlights
The human body contains soft tissues and organs which are supported and protected by the skeletal system
We found that all of them showed good transfection efficiency to osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1, MG63, HeLa, and HEK293 cells, but the one modified with naphthalimide showed even higher efficiency than lipofectamine 2000
It was successfully applied for in-situ monitoring of cellular uptake, DNA transportation, and release through non-invasive fluorescence imaging. We concluded that it can be used as a multifunctional non-viral delivery system for treating various bone disorders related to osteoblasts in future [18]
Summary
The human body contains soft tissues and organs which are supported and protected by the skeletal system. Because of complex anatomical structures and avascular regions, it is very difficult to treat human bones with non-targeted therapies They are risky because they deliver most of the drugs into visceral organs and have poor biocompatibility, bioavailability, and circulation time [4]. A number of non-viral vectors have been manufactured, improved, and used for the purpose of gene, siRNA, and drug delivery. Apart from these systems, physical methods including needle injection, balistic DNA injection, electroporation, sonoporation, photoporation, magnetofection, and hydroporation are used for transfection. We mainly discuss about the different kinds of non-viral delivery systems, their mechanistic features, and applications in the form of bone targeting moieties in the treatment of bone-related disorders at the molecular level
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
