Abstract
Plasma medicine is the utilization of gas ionization that might be beneficial for the treatment of burn wounds, a healthcare problem with a significant mortality rate. Due to a lack of information on the impact of plasma flux in immune cells and a high prevalence of bacterial infection in burn wounds, non-thermal argon-based plasma flux was tested on macrophages (RAW246.7) and in mouse models of burn wounds with or without Staphylococcus aureus infection. Accordingly, plasma flux enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS), using dihydroethidium assay, and decreased abundance of NF-κB-p65 (Western blot analysis) in non-stimulating macrophages. In parallel, plasma flux upregulated IL-10 gene expression (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory macrophages, while downregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Additionally, plasma flux improved the migratory function of fibroblasts (L929) (fibroblast scratch assay) but not fibroblast proliferation. Moreover, once daily plasma flux administration for 7 days promoted the healing process in burn wounds with or without infection (wound area and wound rank score). Additionally, plasma flux reduced tissue cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in burn wounds with infection and promoted collagen in burn wounds without infection. In conclusion, plasma flux induced anti-inflammatory macrophages and promoted the burn-wound healing process partly through the decrease in macrophage NF-κB. Hence, plasma flux treatment should be tested in patients with burn wounds.
Highlights
Plasma is a completely or partly ionized gas that is categorized as the fourth state of matter in addition to solid, liquid and gas [1]
The power supply voltage below 10 V showed a tendency of more survived macrophages (Figure 1C)
DHE in the plasma-treated macrophages was higher than the control conditions (Non and Argon) (Figure 2A)
Summary
Plasma is a completely or partly ionized gas that is categorized as the fourth state of matter in addition to solid, liquid and gas [1]. Reactive species molecules of non-thermal plasma demonstrate bactericidal activity, regardless of the antibiotic resistant properties of the organisms [11]. Plasma flux is used in numerous medical situations (malignancy, wound care, and organismal management) due to its ability for selective elimination and enhanced proliferation of abnormal and healthy cells, respectively, with additive bactericidal activity [2]. Non-thermal plasma therapy is an emerging treatment strategy [1,2,12], especially for diabetic wounds [14] and burn injuries [15]. The antibiotic resistant organisms are still vulnerable to microbial eradication with several physical strategies, including ultraviolet light, radiation and non-thermal plasma [19,20]. Despite extensive evaluations of plasma flux in several models of traumatic wounds [21], data of non-thermal plasma on infected burn wounds are still lacking
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