Abstract
Non-target-site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides in weeds can be conferred as a result of the alteration of one or more physiological processes, including herbicide absorption, translocation, sequestration, and metabolism. The mechanisms of NTSR are generally more complex to decipher than target-site resistance (TSR) and can impart cross-resistance to herbicides with different modes of action. Metabolism-based NTSR has been reported in many agriculturally important weeds, although reduced translocation and sequestration of herbicides has also been found in some weeds. This review focuses on summarizing the recent advances in our understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular basis of NTSR mechanisms found in weed species. Further, the importance of examining the co-existence of TSR and NTSR for the same herbicide in the same weed species and influence of environmental conditions in the altering and selection of NTSR is also discussed. Knowledge of the prevalence of NTSR mechanisms and co-existing TSR and NTSR in weeds is crucial for designing sustainable weed management strategies to discourage the further evolution and selection of herbicide resistance in weeds.
Highlights
Herbicide use is indispensable in modern agriculture as it offers exceptional tool for weed management and facilitates no-till crop production to conserve soil and moisture
A common waterhemp population resistant to carfentrazone-ethyl lacked the presence of known mutations previously reported to confer target-site resistance (TSR) to PPO inhibitors but exhibited increased sensitivity to carfentrazone-methyl when pre-treated with malathion [112]
In Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, and common waterhemp, a higher translocation of glufosinate was found at high, compared to low, relative humidity (RH) [144]. These findings indicate the need to further elucidate and evaluate the impact of environmental conditions on the sensitivity of weeds to herbicides to slow evolution of herbicide resistance
Summary
Herbicide use is indispensable in modern agriculture as it offers exceptional tool for weed management and facilitates no-till crop production to conserve soil and moisture. Biological characteristics of highly troublesome weeds, including prolific seed production, high germination percentage, a wide window of emergence, seed dispersal, and longevity, help to maintain a high frequency of resistant individuals in the population. Genetic factors, such as natural mutations conferring herbicide resistance, inheritance of herbicide-resistant genes in the weed population, and fitness cost of resistance genes in the presence or absence of the herbicide, play an important role in the evolution and spread of herbicide resistance [2,3]
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