Abstract
The Lolium genus encompasses many species that colonize a variety of disturbed and non-disturbed environments. Lolium perenne L. spp. perenne, L. perenne L. spp. multiflorum, and L. rigidum are of particular interest to weed scientists because of their ability to thrive in agricultural and non-agricultural areas. Herbicides are the main tool to control these weeds; however, Lolium spp. populations have evolved multiple- and cross-resistance to at least 14 herbicide mechanisms of action in more than 21 countries, with reports of multiple herbicide resistance to at least seven mechanisms of action in a single population. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about non-target-site resistance in Lolium spp. to acetyl CoA carboxylase, acetohydroxyacid synthase, microtubule assembly, photosystem II, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthetase, very-long chain fatty acids, and photosystem I inhibitors. We suggest research topics that need to be addressed, as well as strategies to further our knowledge and uncover the mechanisms of non-target-site resistance in Lolium spp.
Highlights
The Lolium genus contains many species of economic importance
Because NTSR may be non-specific, populations may exhibit unknown herbicide resistance patterns, as resistance occurs to herbicides to which populations have never been exposed
NTSR poses a challenge to sustainable agricultural production systems, and is an ongoing issue that needs a collaborative approach to be minimized
Summary
The Lolium genus contains many species of economic importance. L. perenne L. ssp. perenne (L. perenne), L. perenne L. spp. multiflorum (L. multiflorum), and L. rigidum are of particular relevance due to their widespread presence globally. Multiflorum (L. multiflorum), and L. rigidum are of particular relevance due to their widespread presence globally These three species (hereinafter referred collectively to as Lolium spp.) are diploid (2n = 2x = 14), obligate outcrossing, and interfertile grass species that are widely planted for cover crop, turf, and pasture. Weed control is one of the most important components of cropping systems that results in significant yield and financial loss to growers if not properly performed. This scenario is exacerbated by the evolution of herbicide resistant weed populations, with 514 unique cases reported globally (Heap, 2020). We focused our efforts to compile the most relevant studies on NTSR in Lolium spp., what is known about the resistance mechanisms, and provide suggestions on how we can further our understanding of NTSR
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
