Non-productive celluase binding onto deep eutectic solvent (DES) extracted lignin from willow and corn stover with inhibitory effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose

Abstract

In this work, deep eutectic solvent (DES) was prepared by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) with lactic acid (LA), and effects of cellulase non-productive binding onto DES-extracted lignin from willow and corn stover on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated. The correlation between hydrolysis yield of cellulose and chemical features of lignin was evaluated, and a potential inhibitory mechanism was proposed. Condensation of lignin was observed during DES treatment, and these condensed aromatic structures had an increased tendency to adsorb enzymes through hydrophobic interactions. As well as hydrophobic interactions mediated by lignin condensation, an increase in phenolic hydroxyl groups resulted in a greater amount of hydrogen bonds between cellulases and lignin that appeared to inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis yields of cellulose (39.96–42.86 % to 31.96–32.68 %). Although large amounts of COOHs were generated, the elevated electrostatic repulsion as a result of ionic groups was insufficient to decrease non-productive adsorption.