Abstract
Individuals widely use non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in attempts to lower their overall daily caloric intake, lose weight, and sustain a healthy diet. There are insufficient scientific data that support the safety of consuming NNS. However, recent studies have suggested that NNS consumption can induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and promote glucose intolerance in healthy individuals that may result in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This sequence of events may result in changes in the gut microbiota composition through microRNA (miRNA)-mediated changes. The mechanism(s) by which miRNAs alter gene expression of different bacterial species provides a link between the consumption of NNS and the development of metabolic changes. Another potential mechanism that connects NNS to metabolic changes is the molecular crosstalk between the insulin receptor (IR) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we aim to highlight the role of NNS in obesity and discuss IR-GPCR crosstalk and miRNA-mediated changes, in the manipulation of the gut microbiota composition and T2DM pathogenesis.
Highlights
Artificial sweeteners have gained increasing attention as dietary assessment tools to help combat the obesity epidemic by providing a sweet taste without the extra calories [1]
We will highlight the development of metabolic syndrome that collectively involves the potential role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)-insulin receptor (IR) crosstalk in the development of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the pathological mechanisms by which microRNAs may mediate the changes in gut microbiota composition
There are three primary types of sweeteners used in the food industry today: high-intensity sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and natural sweeteners [11]
Summary
Artificial sweeteners have gained increasing attention as dietary assessment tools to help combat the obesity epidemic by providing a sweet taste without the extra calories [1]. Taste has a significant role in human perception of food quality, contributing to its overall pleasure and enjoyment To this end, the development of sweeteners as food additives that mimic the sweet taste of natural sugars suggest promise [2]. The specific mechanism(s) and details of the effects of NNS consumption on host metabolism and energy homeostasis remain to be elucidated. This is relevant as NNS have been an option for individuals to improve their health; yet, NNS consumption has been associated with increased risk factors for metabolic syndrome [5]. We will highlight the development of metabolic syndrome that collectively involves the potential role of GPCR-IR crosstalk in the development of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, the development of T2DM and the pathological mechanisms by which microRNAs (miRNAs) may mediate the changes in gut microbiota composition
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