Abstract
One of the main factors able to explain the pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory conditions that occur in periodontal disease is oxidative stress. Given the emerging understanding of this relationship, host-modulatory therapies using antioxidants could be interesting to prevent or slow the breakdown of soft and hard periodontal tissues. In this context, non-nutrient phenolic compounds of various foods and plants have received considerable attention in the last decade. Here, studies focusing on the relationship between different compounds of this type with periodontal disease have been collected. Among them, thymoquinone, coenzyme Q (CoQ), mangiferin, resveratrol, verbascoside and some flavonoids have shown to prevent or ameliorate periodontal tissues damage in animal models. However evidence regarding this effect in humans is poor and only limited to topical treatments with CoQ and catechins. Along with animal experiments, in vitro studies indicate that possible mechanisms by which these compounds might exert their protective effects include antioxidative properties, oxygen and nitrogen scavenging abilities, and also inhibitory effects on cell signaling cascades related to inflammatory processes which have an effect on RNS or ROS production as well as on antioxidant defense systems.
Highlights
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions characterized by loss of connective tissue, alveolar bone resorption and formation of periodontal pockets as a result of the complex interaction between pathogenic bacteria and the host’s immune response [1]
The reduction of damage was related to a reduction in oxidative stress levels, which could be mediated by the observed reduction in myeloperoxidase (MPO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels
These results indicate that the use of both flavonoids constitutes a new therapeutic approach for periodontal bone loss [150], but more details about their effect are needed
Summary
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions characterized by loss of connective tissue, alveolar bone resorption and formation of periodontal pockets as a result of the complex interaction between pathogenic bacteria and the host’s immune response [1]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential to many physiological processes but when an antioxidant system is unable to efficiently counteract their action, tissue and cell damage can result, enhancing periodontal destruction [6]. This aspect is in accordance with a recent study reporting new evidence that chronic periodontitis, as a common potential source of low-grade inflammation, could be associated with a systemic oxidative stress state and reduced overall antioxidant capacity [8]. In the present review, we collect different phenolic compounds whose possible role based on any of these mechanisms have been evaluated in relation to periodontal disease (Table 1)
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