Abstract
The overall non-neutralizing antibody responses against EV infections among infants and children remain unknown. The non-neutralizing antibody responses against VP1 of EV-A species (Enterovirus 71 (EV71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16)), EV-B species (Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3)), EV-C species (Poliovirus 1 (PV1)) and RV-A species (Rhinovirus A N13 (RV13)) were detected and analyzed using a novel evolved immunoglobulin-binding molecule (NEIBM)-based ELISA among infants and children aged 1 day to 6 years in Shanghai. The anti-VP1 reactivity against these EVs changed similarly in an age-related dynamic: being high level in the 1–28-day age group, declining to the lowest level in the 1–12-month age group, gradually increasing to the peak level in the 13–60-month age group, and remarkably declining in the 61–72-month age group, which reflects the conversion from maternally-derived to primary antibody responses. The anti-RV13 VP1 antibodies were demonstrated at the highest level, with anti-CB3 and PV1 VP1 antibodies at the second highest level and anti-CA16 and EV71 VP1 antibodies at the lowest level. These findings are the first to describe the overall non-neutralizing antibody responses against VP1 of the EV-A, B, C and RV-A viruses among the infants and children and could be helpful for further understanding the ubiquitous EV infections among children.
Highlights
All rhinoviruses infect the human respiratory tract, usually limited to the upper respiratory airways, causing the common cold both in children and adults[1,4,5]
We proposed that the antibody responses in the 1–28-day age group represent the maternally-derived antibody responses, the antibody responses in the 13–72-month age group represent the primary antibody responses, and the antibody responses in the 1–12-month age group represent the conversion of maternally-derived antibody responses to primary antibody responses
It is interesting that the order of anti-VP1 reactivity levels of all assessed EVs from high to low (RV13 > CB3 > PV1 > CA16 > EV71) in the 1–28-day age group was the same as that in 13–72-month age group. These results consistently suggested that the antibody responses in the 1–28-day age group likely represent the maternally-derived antibody responses and that the antibody responses in the 13–72-month age group represent primary antibody responses
Summary
All rhinoviruses infect the human respiratory tract, usually limited to the upper respiratory airways, causing the common cold (generally a benign and self-limited illness) both in children and adults[1,4,5]. Ntb against both EV71 and CA16 showed a similar age-related dynamic change among infants and children: neutralizing antibodies in approximately half of the neonates (50–57.6%), obtained from their mothers, are lost within [6,7] months of age, gradually increase from [7,8,9,10,11,12] months of age with the occurrence of the virus infections and eventually reach a peak level (above 80–100%) in children usually 4 to 5 years of age, maintaining a high seroprevalence (40–85.3%) in adults[15,16,17,18,19,20] All of this evidence further demonstrated the ubiquitous infections by various species of EVs in humans. The results identified an age-related dynamic change of antibody responses against VP1 of all of the assessed EVs, revealed the maternally-derived antibody responses and primary antibody responses and demonstrated the different levels of anti-VP1 for various EVs (EV-A, EV-B, EV-C and RV-C) among infants and children, and could help further understand the ubiquity of EV infections
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