Abstract
Background: Measuring the extent to which renal artery stenosis (RAS) alters renal haemodynamics may permit precision medicine by physiologically guided revascularization. This currently requires invasive intra-arterial pressure measurement with associated risks and is rarely performed. The present proof-of-concept study investigates an in silico approach that uses computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling to non-invasively estimate renal artery haemodynamics from routine anatomical computed tomography (CT) imaging of RAS.Methods: We evaluated 10 patients with RAS by CT angiography. Intra-arterial renal haemodynamics were invasively measured by a transducing catheter under resting and hyperaemic conditions, calculating the translesional ratio of distal to proximal pressure (Pd/Pa). The diagnostic and quantitative accuracy of the CFD-derived virtual Pd/Pa ratio (vPd/Pa) was evaluated against the invasively measured Pd/Pa ratio (mPd/Pa).Results: Hyperaemic haemodynamics was infeasible and CT angiography in 4 patients had insufficient image resolution. Resting flow data is thus reported for 7 stenosed arteries from 6 patients (one patient had bilateral RAS). The comparison showed a mean difference of 0.015 (95% confidence intervals of ± 0.08), mean absolute error of 0.064, and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.6, with diagnostic accuracy for a physiologically significant Pd/Pa of ≤ 0.9 at 86%.Conclusion: We describe the first in silico estimation of renal artery haemodynamics from CT angiography in patients with RAS, showing it is feasible and diagnostically accurate. This provides a methodological framework for larger prospective studies to ultimately develop non-invasive precision medicine approaches for studies and interventions of RAS and resistant hypertension.
Highlights
Renovascular disease is characterized by unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS)
In Western populations 90% of RAS is caused by atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS), and 10% by fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) (Textor, 2017)
ARAS affects 7% of North Americans aged over 65 years (Hansen et al, 2002), and the incidence is rising due to aging, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension (Kalra et al, 2005)
Summary
Renovascular disease is characterized by unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS). In Western populations 90% of RAS is caused by atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS), and 10% by fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) (Textor, 2017). Major trials testing efficacy of reperfusion by angioplasty and stenting demonstrated no benefit beyond drug therapy (antihypertensives and statins) (Wheatley et al, 2009; Riaz et al, 2014) Those trials recruited patients with physiologically mild ARAS and less severe CKD. Measuring the extent to which renal artery stenosis (RAS) alters renal haemodynamics may permit precision medicine by physiologically guided revascularization. This currently requires invasive intra-arterial pressure measurement with associated risks and is rarely performed. The present proof-of-concept study investigates an in silico approach that uses computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling to non-invasively estimate renal artery haemodynamics from routine anatomical computed tomography (CT) imaging of RAS
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