Abstract
The development of biofilms and the related changes in porous media in the subsurface cannot be directly observed and evaluated. The primary reason that the mechanism of biofilm clogging in porous media cannot be clearly demonstrated is due to the opacity and structural complexity of three-dimensional pore space. Interest in exploring methods to overcome this limitation has been increasing. In the first part of this review, we introduce the underlying characteristics of biofilm in porous media. Then, we summarize two approaches, non-invasive measurement methods and mathematical simulation strategies, for studying fluid–biofilm–porous medium interaction with spatiotemporal resolution. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches. Lastly, we provide a perspective on opportunities for in situ monitoring at the field site.
Highlights
Biofilms are usually defined as the coexistence of microbes and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) [1,2,3]
Smaller by using barium sulfate as a contrast agent due particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) and X-ray computed microtomography were used together to investigate the effect of hydrodynamics on the structure and distribution of biofilms at the pore scale [57]. 3D particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) measurements were conducted independently to get velocity and acceleration data along flow trajectories
Barium sulfate partic agent at an extremely low injection volumetric flow rate compa study is concerned with the wall surface stress of the biofilm caused by flow, it is assumed that the biofilm is not permeable
Summary
Biofilms are usually defined as the coexistence of microbes and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) [1,2,3]. Non-invasive and in situ me ods are imperative to implement direct imaging or to provide spatiotemporal informati of biofilm-mediated processes and the related impacts within the porous media [19,2. Situ methods are imperative to implement direct imaging or to provide spatiotemporal information biofilm-mediated processes and thewith related within theofporous This reviewof summarizes methods dealing theimpacts relationships the growth media [19,20]. To facilitate futu processes in three-dimensional (3D) pore space, and the long computational time for model workresolution, and promote advances in field site monitoring, we focus our attention on providi whereas the existing experimental methods are restricted by the progress of an overview of the non-invasive and in situ measurement methods as well as the math instrumental performance. The biofilms under high shear condition are ribbon-like, have stronger adhesion, and are more homogeneous with lower porosity [26,27], whereas the biofilm under low shear stress is mound-like [26,29]
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