Abstract
Due to the global burden of dengue disease, a vaccine is urgently needed. One of the key points in vaccine development is the development of a robust and reliable animal model of dengue virus infection. Characteristics including the ability to sustain viral replication, demonstration of clinical signs, and immune response that resemble those of human dengue virus infection are vital in animal models. Preclinical studies in vaccine development usually include parameters such as safety evaluation, induction of viremia and antigenemia, immunogenicity, and vaccine effectiveness. Although mice have been used as a model, non-human primates have an advantage over mice because of their relative similarity to humans in their genetic composition and immune responses. This review compares the viremia kinetics and antibody responses of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fasicularis), common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and tamarins (Saguinus midas and Saguinus labitus) and summarize the perspectives and the usefulness along with challenges in dengue vaccine development.
Highlights
Dengue is a major threat to global public health
The global burden of dengue continues to increase annually and the lack of a widely available dengue vaccine contributes to this trend
The development of dengue vaccines has been hampered by the lack of a reliable animal model for dengue vaccine efficacy studies
Summary
Dengue is a major threat to global public health. Infection with any one of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV), DENV1-4, causes a wide variety of clinical illness, ranging from self-limited febrile illness, dengue with and without warning signs, to severe dengue and dengue-related death. An animal model that faithfully mirrors the immune response pattern of those of human DENV infection is able to sustain viral replication and exhibits age-related clinical signs would be the ideal model for vaccine trials because candidate vaccines are evaluated by defining the viremia kinetics and the antibody responses [12,13]. The common marmoset has shown promise as a potential animal model for DENV infection and candidate vaccine evaluation [13,20,21]. We reviewed the viremia kinetics and antibody responses of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fasicularis), common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and tamarins (Saguinus midas and Saguinus labitus) and assessed the utility of each NHP as a potential animal model in dengue vaccine trails
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