Abstract
Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders. In addition to severe headaches, non-headache symptoms associated with migraine attacks as well as co-morbid disorders frequently aggravate the disabling of migraine patients. Some of these symptoms are related to poor outcomes. In this review, we update the advances of studies on certain non-headache symptoms, including visual disturbance, gastrointestinal symptoms, allodynia, vestibular symptoms, and symptoms of co-morbid restless legs syndrome and psychiatric disorders.
Highlights
Migraine is a very common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of disabling headache
We focus on the recent findings of several common non-headache symptoms of migraine, including visual disturbance, gastrointestinal symptoms, allodynia, vestibular symptoms, and symptoms of co-morbid restless legs syndrome (RLS) and psychiatric disorders
Photophobia may begin in the premonitory phase and persist throughout the migraine attack
Summary
Migraine is a very common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of disabling headache. The frequency of vestibular symptoms is much higher in patients with migraine than in those with other headache types[40,41]. In a recent study with a nine-year follow-up, the accompanying vertigo could be persistent during migraine attacks, which caused a severe impact on quality of life. CM patients had a higher risk of depression as compared to patients with episodic migraine[78,79] The pathophysiology of this comorbid association is not known, but genetic factors, serotonergic dysfunction, ovarian hormone influences, and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis dysregulation are suspected to be involved long term[80]. The presence of panic disorder in migraine patients is associated with more frequent attacks, increased disability, a higher risk for chronification, and medication overuse[92]. Osmophobia in migraine patients is reported to be associated with significant anxiety symptoms[93]
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