Abstract
With continual increments in energy density gradually boosting the performance of rechargeable alkali metal ion (e.g. Li+, Na+, K+) batteries, their safe operation is of growing importance and needs to be considered during their development. This is essential, given the high-profile incidents involving battery fires as portrayed by the media. Such hazardous events result from exothermic chemical reactions occurring between the flammable electrolyte and the electrode material under abusive operating conditions. Some classes of non-flammable organic liquid electrolytes have shown potential towards safer batteries with minimal detrimental effect on cycling and, in some cases, even enhanced performance. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in non-flammable liquid electrolytes for Li-, Na- and K-ion batteries. It provides the reader with an overview of carbonate, ether and phosphate-based organic electrolytes, co-solvated electrolytes and electrolytes with flame-retardant additives as well as highly concentrated and locally highly concentrated electrolytes, ionic liquids and inorganic electrolytes. Furthermore, the functionality and purpose of the components present in typical non-flammable mixtures are discussed. Moreover, many non-flammable liquid electrolytes are shown to offer improved cycling stability and rate capability compared to conventional flammable liquid electrolytes.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have achieved widespread application in portable electronics and have demonstrated great potential in many other uses, in the electric vehicle (EV) market.[1,2] Sodium and potassium-ion batteries (SIBs, KIBs) are currently being explored, and are mostly based on analogous materials to LIBs.[3,4] These new battery chemistries show great promise for Ritambhara Gond is currently a postdoctoral fellow in the Ångstrom Advanced BatteryCentre at Uppsala University.She received her PhD (2019) in Chemistry from Indian Institute of Science (IISc), India
The results showed that 0.95 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in TFEP : FEMC (1 : 3) exhibits non-flammability during flame tests, whereas the electrolyte 0.98 M LiFSI in ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) immediately catches fire on ignition
The safety mechanism of this electrolyte is encouraging and effective even in full cell systems, but the electrochemical performance should be improved since only 85% of the capacity of the full cell with the conventional electrolyte could be achieved
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have achieved widespread application in portable electronics and have demonstrated great potential in many other uses, in the electric vehicle (EV) market.[1,2] Sodium and potassium-ion batteries (SIBs, KIBs) are currently being explored, and are mostly based on analogous materials to LIBs.[3,4] These new battery chemistries show great promise for Ritambhara Gond is currently a postdoctoral fellow in the Ångstrom Advanced Battery. His research interest focuses on the development of non-flammable liquid electrolytes for lithium- and sodium-ion. Ronnie Mogensen studied chemical engineering at Uppsala University in Sweden He completed his PhD in the group of Reza Younesi where his focus was on development of electrode and electrolyte materials for sodium-ion batteries. His current research focus is fluorine-free and non-flammable electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries, as well as solid boosted flow cells with a primary focus on electrochemical analysis. He is leading a team of nine PhD students and postdoctoral researchers where the research focus is on interfacial reaction in rechargeable batteries and materials development for sodium-ion & lithium-ion batteries.
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