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Abstract
Key requirements for the first cells on Earth include the ability to compartmentalize and evolve. Compartmentalization spatially localizes biomolecules from a dilute pool and an evolving cell, which, as it grows and divides, permits mixing and propagation of information to daughter cells. Complex coacervate microdroplets are excellent candidates as primordial cells with the ability to partition and concentrate molecules into their core and support primitive and complex biochemical reactions. However, the evolution of coacervate protocells by fusion, growth and fission has not yet been demonstrated. In this work, a primordial environment initiated the evolution of coacervate-based protocells. Gas bubbles inside heated rock pores perturb the coacervate protocell distribution and drive the growth, fusion, division and selection of coacervate microdroplets. Our findings provide a compelling scenario for the evolution of membrane-free coacervate microdroplets on the early Earth, induced by common gas bubbles within heated rock pores.
Highlights
Key requirements for the first cells on Earth include the ability to compartmentalize and evolve
Lipid molecules accumulate at the interface to create vesicular structures and undergo fission driven by Marangoni flows and convection. These previous studies indicate that the growth, division and maintenance of coacervate droplets could be manipulated by the physical flows within thermal pores. In this Article, we study the effect of out-of-equilibrium conditions provided by heated pores containing gas bubbles, a common primordial scenario[26], on the growth and division mechanisms of complex coacervate microdroplets formed by mixing polyanionic (carboxymethyl dextran (CM-Dex), adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)) and polycationic (polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA), poly-l-lysine) species
To characterize the effect of non-equilibrium perturbations on coacervate microdroplets, we experimentally recreated a heated rock pore filled with liquid and gas bubbles as described previously[27,28]
Summary
Key requirements for the first cells on Earth include the ability to compartmentalize and evolve. Lipid molecules accumulate at the interface to create vesicular structures and undergo fission driven by Marangoni flows and convection These previous studies indicate that the growth, division and maintenance of coacervate droplets could be manipulated by the physical flows within thermal pores. In this Article, we study the effect of out-of-equilibrium conditions provided by heated pores containing gas bubbles, a common primordial scenario[26], on the growth and division mechanisms of complex coacervate microdroplets formed by mixing polyanionic (carboxymethyl dextran (CM-Dex), adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)) and polycationic (polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA), poly-l-lysine (pLys)) species.
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