Abstract
Endemic circulation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Africa and Asia poses a continuous risk to countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania which are free from the disease. Introductions of the disease into a free region have dramatic economic impacts, especially if they are not detected at an early stage and controlled rapidly. However, farmers and veterinarians have an obvious disincentive to report clinical signs that are consistent with FMD, due to the severe consequences of raising an official suspicion, such as farm-level quarantine. One way that the risk of late detection can be mitigated is offering non-discriminatory exclusion testing schemes for differential diagnostics, wherein veterinarians can submit samples without the involvement of the competent authority and without sanctions or costs for the farmer. This review considers the benefits and limitations of this approach to improve the early detection of FMD in free countries and gives an overview of the FMD testing schemes currently in use in selected countries in Europe and the Americas as well as in Australia.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by an aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae
FMDV has not occurred in Europe, North America and Oceania for almost 10 years; the last foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in any of these regions was in Bulgaria during 2011 [2], while North America and Oceania have been free for much longer
Even if farmers come to realize that there is a problem, some may decide not to consult a veterinarian because of cost implications, a lack of trust in animal health authorities, or the fear of consequences for themselves or their animals [10,11,12,13]. An example of this is the large series of FMD outbreaks that originated in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2001 and affected four countries in Europe, resulting in the culling of over 6 million animals as well as economic losses of 8 billion Euros [1]
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by an aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. Even if farmers come to realize that there is a problem, some may decide not to consult a veterinarian because of cost implications, a lack of trust in animal health authorities, or the fear of consequences for themselves or their animals [10,11,12,13] An example of this is the large series of FMD outbreaks that originated in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2001 and affected four countries in Europe, resulting in the culling of over 6 million animals as well as economic losses of 8 billion Euros [1].
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