Abstract
Apples can be considered as having a complex system formed by several structures at different organization levels: macroscale (>100 μm) and microscale (<100 μm). This work implements 2D T1/T2 global and localized relaxometry sequences on whole apples to be able to perform an intensive non-destructive and non-invasive microstructure study. The 2D T1/T2 cross-correlation spectroscopy allows the extraction of quantitative information about the water compartmentation in different subcellular organelles. A clear difference is found as sound apples show neat peaks for water in different subcellular compartments, such as vacuolar, cytoplasmatic and extracellular water, while in watercore-affected tissues such compartments appear merged. Localized relaxometry allows for the predefinition of slices in order to understand the microstructure of a particular region of the fruit, providing information that cannot be derived from global 2D T1/T2 relaxometry.
Highlights
Food can be considered a complex system formed by several structures at different organization levels
The objective of this work is the implementation of 2D T1/ T2 global and localized relaxometry sequences at a high magnetic field on a whole food product, in this case apples, in order to perform an intensive, non-destructive and noninvasive microstructure study of apples affected by watercore
Peak 3 is present in all fresh apples and all apples affected by a low watercore (Fig. 2a–f)
Summary
Food can be considered a complex system formed by several structures at different organization levels. The most general level divides the structure into macrostructure (above 100 μm) and microstructure (below 100 μm) (Aguilera 2012). It is related to the distribution of gases, water and connectivity and mobility through the pores (Hills et al 1996; Vittadini et al 2005). All these properties will affect the stability of food products. These are some of the reasons why the food industry is currently dealing with the study of the microscopic level and its relation to the macroscopic scale
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