Non-destructive and rapid discrimination of hard-to-cook beans using hyperspectral imaging

Abstract

Dry beans stored under sub-optimal conditions tend to develop hard-to-cook (HTC) defect, which extends the cooking time making them less palatable while reducing their nutritional value. The current methods of identifying HTC beans are time-consuming, destructive, and unreliable. A rapid non-destructive inspection technique for pre-screening beans could help identify and discard HTC beans prior to processing. To this end, the potential of hyperspectral imaging technique covering the entire visible to near infrared (NIR) spectral range (400‒2500 nm) was evaluated for rapid and non-destructive identification of HTC beans. The HTC phenomenon was artificially induced in healthy white beans using two different combinations of suboptimal storage conditions of temperature and relative humidity (35℃, 75% RH for 45 days and 60℃, 75% RH for 10 days). Subsequently, the beans were cooked for specified durations and their hardness measured using a texture analyzer. The HTC and control (i.e. easy-to-cook (ETC)) beans were scanned with push-broom hyperspectral imaging systems. Results indicate that both sets of storage conditions rendered the beans HTC but the phenomenon induced by the two different methods was detected in different spectral ranges using hyperspectral imaging. Wavelengths across the entire visible and NIR ranges of electromagnetic spectrum were found useful in detecting HTC as beans stored at 35℃ and 75% RH for 45 days were identified mainly in the 1000‒2500 nm range and those stored at 60℃ and 75% RH for 10 days were identified in the 400‒1000 nm region. The degree of HTC defect could not be ascertained using this technique and requires further investigation.