Abstract
We demonstrate a non-contact optical magnetic field sensor that is based on actuation of a metamaterial-microcavity by the magnetic Lorentz force. Magnetic field is transduced to a change of the sensor’s reflectivity. The microscale proof-of-concept metamaterial magnetometer can be read from a distance and offers 60 μm spatial, about 10 μs temporal, and sub-microtesla magnetic field resolution.
Highlights
While some plants[1] and animals[2] evolved the ability to sense magnetic field, manmade magnetite compasses (司南)[3] have been used for fortune-telling and geomancy in China at least since the Han dynasty more than 2000 years ago
We demonstrate a non-contact optical magnetic field sensor that is based on actuation of a metamaterial-microcavity by the magnetic Lorentz force
Conventional magnetometers based on induction, fluxgates, magnetoresistance, magnetoimpedance, nuclear magnetic resonance, the Hall effect or SQUIDs rely on wired electrical readout and have resolution/temperature limitations
Summary
While some plants[1] and animals[2] evolved the ability to sense magnetic field, manmade magnetite compasses (司南)[3] have been used for fortune-telling and geomancy in China at least since the Han dynasty more than 2000 years ago. Non-contact optical magnetic resonance detection based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond can achieve sub-micron spatial resolution and high sensitivity, but simultaneous need for light, microwaves and external magnetic field prevents microscale integration.[19,20] all-optical atomic magnetometers cannot be miniaturized to microscale dimensions,[13,21] and mm-scale micromachined magnetic field sensors relying on laser beam deflection for readout require large optical systems.[22,23,24] Reconfigurable photonic metamaterials[25] with optical properties controlled by electromagnetic forces provide an opportunity to develop small optical sensors that are read based on a change of the optical properties of the sensing element itself. The magnetic field is transduced to a change of the structure’s reflectivity and the sensing characteristics may be engineered by metamaterial design Such sensors of microscale dimensions offer 10s of micrometer spatial, about 10 microsecond temporal and sub-microtesla magnetic field resolution as well as non-contact optical readout. The subsequent section reports on the experimental proof-of-principle demonstration of a sensor device
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