Abstract
Non-coding RNA molecules including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several tumors and numerous data support their applicability in diagnosis as well. Despite recent advances, the pathogenesis of adrenocortical cancer still remains elusive and there are no reliable blood-borne markers of adrenocortical malignancy, either. Several findings show the potential applicability of microRNAs as biomarkers of malignancy and prognosis, and there are some data on lncRNA as well. In this review, we present a synopsis on the potential relevance of non-coding RNA molecules in adrenocortical pathogenesis and their applicability in diagnosis from tissue and blood.
Highlights
2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46., MTA-SE Lendület Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
We have studied the expression of circulating miRNAs in hormonally inactive and cortisol-producing adrenocortical tumors (ACT) [73]. miR-22-3p, miR-27a-3p, and miR-320b were significantly overexpressed in both cortisol-producing ACA (CPA) and adrenocortical cancer (ACC) (CP-ACC) compared to non-functioning ACA (NFA)
According to the latest findings, non-coding RNAs are of great importance regarding in physiological processes, and in the pathogenesis of various diseases
Summary
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are RNA molecules that do not encode proteins, but participate in the regulation or modulation of gene expression, they are considered to be parts of the epigenetic machinery. Small non-coding RNA molecules (sncRNA) are microRNAs (miRNA), short interfering RNAs (siRNA), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNA). NcRNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides are called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). At least 200,000 unique lncRNAs are described in human tissues [1]. They can appear as linear or circular (circRNA) RNA molecules. CircRNAs can act as microRNA sponges, thereby holding back miRNAs to bind to mRNAs and initiate degradation [3]. These RNA molecules are able to regulate transcription and splicing, can inhibit ribosomal. Only miRNAs and lncRNAs have been studied in this area, our review presents these findings
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