Non-coding RNAs as Genetic Biomarkers for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, Radiosensitivity, and Histopathologic Grade of Meningioma.

Abstract

Meningioma is considered the most common primary benign brain tumor. It originates from the arachnoid cells of the leptomeninges surrounding the brain.The mainstay treatment of meningiomas is microsurgical resection. Meningiomaprognosis depends on tumor grade, location, and patientage. Recently, using non-coding RNA as a prognosticand diagnostic biomarker for many tumors became a trend. Herein, we demonstrate the importance of non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs and lncRNAsin meningioma and their potential role in meningioma's early diagnosis, prognosis, histological grade, and radiosensitivity. In this review,many microRNAs were found to be upregulated in radioresistant meningioma cellssuch as microRNA-221, microRNA-222, microRNA-4286, microRNA-4695-5p, microRNA-6732-5p, microRNA-6855-5p, microRNA-7977, microRNA-6765-3p, and microRNA-6787-5p. Moreover, there are many microRNAs downregulated in radioresistant meningioma cellssuch as microRNA-1275,microRNA-30c-1-3p, microRNA-4449, microRNA-4539, microRNA-4684-3p, microRNA-6129, and microRNA-6891-5p. Also, we highlight the possible use of non-coding RNAs asserum non-invasive biomarkers and their potential role as therapeutic targets to treat high-grade meningiomas. Recent studies show that microRNA-497, microRNA-195, microRNA-18a, microRNA-197, and microRNA-224 are downregulated in the serum of patients with meningiomas. Additionally,microRNA-106a-5p, microRNA-219-5p, microRNA-375, and microRNA-409-3p are found to be upregulated in the serum of patients with meningioma. We also found that there are many deregulated microRNAs in meningioma cellsthat can be used as potential biomarkers for meningioma diagnosis, prognosis, and histopathologic grade, such asmicroRNA-17-5p, microRNA-199a, microRNA-190a, microRNA-186-5p, microRNA155-5p, microRNA-22-3p, microRNA-24-3p, microRNA-26-5p, microRNA-27a-3p, microRNA-27b-3p, microRNA-96-5p, microRNA-146a-5p, microRNA-29c-3p, microRNA-219-5p, microRNA-335, microRNA-200a, microRNA-21, microRNA-107, microRNA-224, microRNA-195, microRNA-34a-3p, and microRNA-let-7d. Of interest, we found fewer studies discussing deregulatedlong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in meningioma cells. LncRNAs work as competitive endogenous RNA(ceRNA) by binding to oncogenic or anti-oncogenic microRNAs. We found that lncRNA- NUP210, lncRNA-SPIRE2, lncRNA-SLC7A1, lncRNA-DMTN, lncRNA-LINC00702, and lncRNA-LINC00460 are upregulated in meningioma cells. In contrast,lncRNA-MALAT1 was found to be downregulated in meningioma cells.