Abstract
In 2020, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, contributing to the burden of the already overloaded health system. Late or incorrect diagnosis of patients with CVDs compromises treatment efficiency and patient’s outcome. Diagnosis of CVDs could be facilitated by detection of blood-based biomarkers that reliably reflect the current condition of the heart. In the last decade, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) present on human biofluids including serum, plasma, and blood have been reported as potential biomarkers for CVDs. This paper reviews recent studies that focus on the use of ncRNAs as biomarkers of CVDs.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including aortic stenosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, congenital heart diseases, aortic aneurysms, and right ventricle dysfunction can lead to heart failure (HF) and, death
Regarding long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in congenital heart defects (CHDs), HOTAIR was found to be upregulated in both myocardial tissue and plasma samples of atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) patients when compared with healthy subjects, and was indicated as a potential biomarker for CHD [89]
The complexity of many biological and molecular mechanisms observed on the different CVDs makes the use of a single biomarker insufficient for a correct diagnosis
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including aortic stenosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, congenital heart diseases, aortic aneurysms, and right ventricle dysfunction can lead to heart failure (HF) and, death. A low complementary degree leads to translational repression, as binding to the mRNA cap prevents the translation initiation factor eIF4E, inhibiting the assembly of the ribosomal subunits or even promoting premature ribosomal drop-off and mRNA release from the ribosomal translational complex [9,10,11] All of these regulatory mechanisms potentially enable a single miRNA to control hundreds of different target transcripts. LncRNAs may act as miRNA sponges, preventing small ncRNAs from binding to their target transcripts or, alternatively, lncRNAs can serve as scaffolds for nucleoprotein complexes influencing mRNA translation and interfering with mRNA splicing and degradation [18,19] Despite their many described functions, lncRNAs are still an understudied class, with many lncRNAs remaining to be identified and their functions described. A variety of cardiac diseases have different etiologies and specific events that can lead to the expression and circulation of cardiac-derived biomarkers
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