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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem and is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite recent improvements, effective treatments for HCC are still missing and new tools for early detection are needed. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and key players in human carcinogenesis, including HCC. Aberrant expression of ncRNAs is associated with HCC metastasis, invasion, dissemination, and recurrence. This review will focus on the recent advances in ncRNA expression profiles, their dysregulation in HCV-related HCC, and the clinical perspective of ncRNA signatures for the early detection of HCC.
Highlights
Despite an overall drop in the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection within the past years due to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), which enable chronic hepatitis C (CHC) to be cured, an estimated 71 million individuals are still chronically infected by HCV worldwide [1]
In another study conducted by Zhang et al in 2016 [71], lncRNA hypoxia-inducing factor a, Prader Willi/Angelman region RNA 5 (PAR5), and human downregulated expression by HBx were associated with HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since their expressions were significantly downregulated or upregulated in tumour vs. non-tumour tissues, but these observations have to be confirmed in a larger patient cohort
By contributing to the regulation of the HCV life cycle, liver disease development, and carcinogenesis, Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a major role in CHC
Summary
Despite an overall drop in the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection within the past years due to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), which enable chronic hepatitis C (CHC) to be cured, an estimated 71 million individuals are still chronically infected by HCV worldwide [1]. Among the risk factors of HCC, HCV is a positive-strand RNA virus [9,10] that does not integrate into the host genome It encodes a large polyprotein of about 3000 amino acids from a single open reading frame which is processed into three structural (core, E1, and E2) and seven non-structural (p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B) proteins [11]. Mutations and chromosomal aberrations have been predominantly found in malignant tumour tissues, whereas the dysregulation of signalling pathways and epigenetic changes are detected earlier in the natural history of HCC development, at the stage of cirrhosis [34]. This review will focus on sncRNAs and lncRNAs in HCV-induced HCC
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