Non-Abelian Berry phase for open quantum systems: Topological protection versus geometric dephasing

Abstract

We provide a detailed theoretical analysis of the adiabatic evolution of degenerate open quantum systems, where the dynamics is induced by time-dependent fluctuating loop paths in control parameter space. For weak system-bath coupling, the fluctuations around a deterministic base path obey Gaussian statistics, where we assume that the quantum adiabatic theorem is also satisfied for fluctuating paths. We show that universal non-Abelian geometric dephasing (NAGD) contributions are contained in the fluctuation-averaged evolution operator. This operator plays a key role in all experimental protocols proposed in this work for the detection of NAGD. In particular, we formulate interference measurements providing full access to NAGD. Apart from a factor due to the dynamic phase and its fluctuations, the averaged evolution operator contains the averaged Berry matrix. A polar decomposition of this non-unitary matrix into the product of a unitary, $V$, and a positive semi-definite Hermitian matrix, $R$, reveals the physics of the NAGD contributions. Unlike the conventional dynamic dephasing rate, the NAGD eigenrates encoded by $R$ depend on the loop orientation sense and, in particular, change sign under a reversal of the direction. A negative rate then implies amplification of coherences as compared to the ones when only dynamic dephasing is present. The non-Abelian character of geometric dephasing is rooted in the non-commutativity of $V$ and $R$ and causes smoking-gun signatures in interference experiments. We also clarify why systems subject to topological protection do not show geometric dephasing. Without full protection, however, geometric dephasing can arise and has to be taken into account. As concrete application, we propose spin-echo NAGD detection protocols for modified Majorana braiding setups.