Nomenclature and Comparative Morphology of the Teneurin/TCAP/ADGRL Protein Families.

Luciane V Sita,José A C Horta-Junior,Giovanne B Diniz,Claudio A Casatti,Jackson C Bittencourt

doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00425

Luciane V Sita, José A C Horta-Junior + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00425

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Abstract

The teneurins are a family of glycosylated type II transmembrane proteins synthesized in several tissue from both vertebrate and invertebrate species. These proteins interact with the latrophilins, a group of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Both teneurins and latrophilins may have been acquired by choanoflagellates through horizontal gene transfer from a toxin-target system present in prokaryotes. Teneurins are highly conserved in eukaryotes, with four paralogs (TEN1, TEN2, TEN3, and TEN4) in most vertebrates playing a role in the normal neural development, axonal guiding, synapse formation and synaptic maintenance. In this review, we summarize the main findings concerning the distribution and morphology of the teneurins and latrophilins, both during development and in adult animals. We also briefly discuss the current knowledge in the distribution of the teneurin C-terminal associated protein (TCAP), a peptidergic sequence at the terminal portion of teneurins that may be independently processed and secreted. Through the analysis of anatomical data, we draw parallels to the evolution of those proteins and the increasing complexity of this system, which mirrors the increase in metazoan sensory complexity. This review underscores the need for further studies investigating the distribution of teneurins and latrophilins and the use of different animal models.

Highlights

AND NOMENCLATUREThe teneurins are a family of glycosylated type II transmembrane proteins synthesized in several tissue from both vertebrate and invertebrate species (Tucker et al, 2012)
As a type II transmembrane protein, the teneurins have a simple amino terminus located on the cytoplasmic side of the cell, while a carboxy terminus rich in binding motifs is located outside the cell, including an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, which contains a region of conserved cysteine residues and a stretch of tyrosine-aspartate-repeats (Rubin et al, 1999; Tucker and Chiquet-Ehrismann, 2006; Young and Leamey, 2009)
The teneurin-latrophilin system is a remarkable model for the study of protein-receptor interactions

Summary

Introduction

AND NOMENCLATUREThe teneurins are a family of glycosylated type II transmembrane proteins synthesized in several tissue from both vertebrate and invertebrate species (Tucker et al, 2012). The distribution of Ten1 mRNA and the mRNA corresponding to the TCAP-1 portion are expressed in a distinct pattern in some regions of the brain, while overlapping in others (Zhou et al, 2003; Wang et al, 2005; Chand et al, 2013).

Results

Conclusion