Abstract
Proximity-Based Indoor Positioning Systems (PIPSs) are a simple to install alternative in large facilities. Besides, these systems have a reduced computational cost on the mobile device of those users who do not continuously demand a high location accuracy. This work presents the design of an Acoustic Low Energy (ALE) beacon based on the emission of inaudible Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) signals. This coding scheme provides high robustness to in-band noise, thus ensuring a reliable detection of the beacon at a practical range, after pulse compression. A series of experimental tests have been carried out with nine different Android devices to study the system performance. These tests have shown that the ALE beacon can be detected at one meter distance with signal-to-noise ratios as low as −12 dB. The tests have also demonstrated a detection rate above 80% for reception angles up to 50° with respect to the beacon’s acoustic axis at the same distance. Finally, a study of the ALE beacon energy consumption has been conducted demonstrating comparable power consumption to commercial Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons. Besides, the ALE beacon search can save up to 9% more battery of the Android devices than the BLE beacon scanning.
Highlights
People find it challenging to navigate through shopping malls, hospitals, airports, or other large and busy buildings, even when signage and static maps are provided
Nine Android devices covering different brands and quality ranges, were used to highlight the differences in performance that could be found within the wide range of devices available on the market
The design of an Acoustic Low Energy (ALE) beacon has been proposed to develop a Proximity-Based Indoor Positioning System (PIPSs). This beacon is constituted by low power consumption components and it is equipped with a passive infrared (PIR) sensor that optimizes energy saving by emitting only in the presence of a user
Summary
People find it challenging to navigate through shopping malls, hospitals, airports, or other large and busy buildings, even when signage and static maps are provided. This work proposes the design of a new Acoustic Low Energy (ALE) beacon and the corresponding signal detection algorithms that, once installed in the user’s smartphone, transform this device into the portable receiver of a PIPS that overcomes the problems mentioned above. This ALE beacon is based on a chirp-encoding scheme that allows its accurate identification by moving receivers with very low power (inaudible) emissions.
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