Abstract
In wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency is mainly achieved by making nodes sleep. In this paper, we present the combination of SERENA, a new node activity scheduling algorithm based on node coloring, with TDMA/CA, a collision avoidance MAC protocol. We show that the combination of these two protocols enables substantial bandwidth and energy benefits for both general and data gathering applications. As a first contribution, we prove that the three-hop node coloring problem is NP-complete. As a second contribution, the overhead induced by SERENA during network coloring is reduced, making possible the use of these protocols even in dense networks with limited bandwidth. The third contribution of this paper is to show that applying any slot assignment algorithmwith spatial reuse based on node neighborhood without taking into account link quality can lead to poor performances because of collisions. The use of good quality links will prevent this phenomenon. The fourth contribution consists of optimizing end-to-end delays for data gathering applications, by means of cross-layering with the application. However, color conflicts resulting from topology changes, mobility and late node arrivals can give rise to collisions. As a fifth contribution, we show how the MAC layer can detect color conflicts, and cope with them at the cost of a slightly reduced throughput. Then, we discuss the tradeoffbetween requesting SERENA to solve the color conflicts and dealing with them at the MAC layer, our third contribution. The combination of SERENA and TDMA/CA is evaluated through simulations on realistic topologies.
Highlights
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are having a very significant growth in segment markets such as industrial, automotive, defence, intelligent transportation and smart homes
Before detailing the functioning of SERENA and TDMA/CA, we present the requirements that must be met by their combination as well as the assumptions done by SERENA
We focus on two types of applications that must be supported by the combination of TDMA/CA and SERENA
Summary
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are having a very significant growth in segment markets such as industrial, automotive, defence, intelligent transportation and smart homes. We show how this solution can be adapted to various application requirements and different environment constraints. A large number of energy-efficient MAC protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks to reduce energy consumption by avoiding the essential sources of energy consumption at the MAC level, which are: overhearing that is the reception of unwanted traffic, collisions that is the simultaneous reception of more than one frame, idle listening that is being active without neither receiving nor transmitting, and overhead that is the exchange of non application related data. We present the combination of TDMA/CA, a medium access protocol and SERENA, its associated node coloring algorithm. SERENA (SchEdule RoutEr Node Activity) is a generic node coloring algorithm able to adapt to various application requirements and different environment/MAC layer constraints (e.g., unicast with/without immediate acknowledgement, broadcast). Notice that these two types of application can support broadcast in addition
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