Abstract
AbstractThis study investigates the potential of N-octyl chitosan derivatives, namely N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan (NOOSC), N-octyl-N-succinyl chitosan (NONSC) and N-octyl-O-glycol chitosan (NOOGC) as amphiphilic carrier agents for atrazine in water-insoluble herbicide formulations. The N-octyl chitosan derivatives were characterised using several analytical instruments such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer, CHNS-O Elemental Analyser (CHNS-O), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Fluorescence Spectrometer. The encapsulation of atrazine by N-octyl chitosan derivatives was studied using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The FTIR spectra of N-octyl chitosan derivatives confirmed the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups on chitosan backbone. TEM images revealed that N-octyl chitosan derivatives have formed self-aggregates with a spherical shape. The CMC values for N-octyl chitosan derivatives were between 0.06 and 0.09 mg/mL. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) values for amphiphilic chitosan were greater than 90%. The release profiles showed different release behaviour of pure herbicide in solution as compared to atrazine-loaded N-octyl chitosan derivatives. Results suggest that the chitosan derivatives offer promising characteristics that enable them to act as effective carrier agents for atrazine. In conclusion, the application of N-octyl chitosan derivatives could reduce the use of organic solvents in herbicide formulations by 37.5%.
Highlights
Invasive weeds are one of the common problems faced by farmers causing degradation of crop quality
The N-octyl chitosan derivatives were prepared by introducing the hydrophobic group and followed by hydrophilic groups
The N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan (NOOSC), N-octyl-N-succinyl chitosan (NONSC) and N-octyl-O-glycol chitosan (NOOGC) were synthesised by covalently linking the sulfate, succinyl and glycol groups on the chitosan backbone
Summary
Invasive weeds are one of the common problems faced by farmers causing degradation of crop quality. The herbicide atrazine has high soil mobility [8] This scenario may lead to environmental problems such as groundwater and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contamination [8,9,10]. The amphiphilic chitosan derivatives have ability to self-assemble into micelles and load a waterinsoluble compound into their hydrophobic core [16]. The application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives could increase the solubility of hydrophobic pesticide in water while controlling the release of the pesticide [17,18]. Amphiphilic chitosan derivatives comprised of hydrophobic octyl group and three different types of hydrophilic groups, namely sulfate, succinyl and glycol, were synthesised and loaded with atrazine. 366 Azlan Kamari, Siti Najiah Mohd Yusoff chitosan derivatives to encapsulate and control the release of the hydrophobic herbicide was investigated. The release mechanism of atrazine from N-octyl chitosan derivatives micelles was modelled using the semiempirical Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic equation
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