Abstract
by negative expectations and represent the nega-tive side of placebo effects. It is now recognizedthat nocebo effects exist and operate during rou-tine treatments, negatively affecting clinical outcomes evenwhen placebos are not administered. The nocebo effectsand placebo effects are the direct result of the psychosocialcontext or therapeutic environment on a patient’s mind,brain, and body. Both phenomena can be produced bymultiple factors, such as verbal suggestions and past expe-rience.
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