Abstract
Concentrations of both nitrogen oxides (NO x =NO+NO 2) observed at a station at high altitude (Puy de Dome (PDD), 1465 m) have been analyzed in relation with the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity provided by the detection network Météorage. A first analysis of the time series of both types of data issued for 4 months of the 2003 summer shows a good correspondence between high values of NO x and stormy conditions in the area. During this 4-month period, NO x values exceeding 100 μg m −3 have been observed on 7 days and all of these days correspond to lightning activity in a 200×200 km 2 area around PDD. Thirty-three days of the period experience lightning activity in this area, and only 14 of these days (42%) correspond to NO x peak values exceeding 50 μg m −3. The presence of lightning activity is a necessary condition to have very large peak values of NO x at PDD, but this condition is not sufficient. Two days showed NO x exceeding 300 μg m −3 which represents a value between 176 and 270 ppbv according to the respective proportion of NO 2 and NO. Six days are analyzed in detail, using other information about the convective system and the wind conditions. The data of urban stations close to PDD have also been considered in the analysis for evaluating the possible transport by a plume from a city area. These days include the higher NO x cases, cases with high lightning activity, and cases with remote lightning activity. On each of these days, the location of the CG flashes, the time delays between lightning activity and NO x increase, and the air flow seem consistent with an interpretation of NO x produced by lightning. The higher values of NO x correspond with close and stationary thunderstorms which produced large proportions of positive CG flashes with low wind conditions. However, the characteristic increase seems to depend on several parameters of the CG flashes: their rate, location, and polarity. By comparing with the values given by other authors for aircraft measurements at altitude, our observations indicate that large quantities of NO x could be produced by the CG flash processes.
Highlights
NOx (NO+NO2) are reactive in the photochemistry of the atmosphere, especially in ozone chemistry
In this study and from one storm case, the authors noted that the NOx produced by lightning was almost exclusively from IC flashes with a ratio of IC to total flashes N0.95 throughout most of the storm’s lifetime, and they argued that IC flashes can be major contributors to NOx production probably for all storms
We develop an analysis of NOx data measured at the ground at a high-altitude site, in relation with cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity and convective cloud system characteristics
Summary
NOx (NO+NO2) are reactive in the photochemistry of the atmosphere, especially in ozone chemistry. By considering the time series of the daily flash number, all events corresponding to the large peaks mentioned are days with lightning activity in the 200Â200 km area. Some days correspond to lightning activity without any apparent large increase in NOx, for example, on 16 August On this day, the CG flash number recorded for the area is high, 2849 CG flashes. Several detailed case studies are made to estimate the correlation between lightning activity and NOx measured at PDD, especially to point out the chronology between the NOx increase and the lightning location. Most of them form a core at a few kilometers from PDD in the North-Westerly
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