Abstract
Urolithiasis is a major health problem which is on the rise worldwide. New procedures and technological tools have arisen, providing the urologist with a vast arsenal of options for stone disease management. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent advancements and demonstrate their efficacy in reducing complications and increasing surgical efficacy. The latest modern advances in increasing stone rate after flexible ureteroscopy were included. The ureteral access sheet concept represents one of the most important parts in this procedure and new performances achieved in this field like suction and pressure control were evaluated. Another important aspect in flexible ureteroscopy is related to laser fibres. The latest achievements in Holmium and Thulium fibres were analysed and compared using both dusting and fragmenting techniques. After analysing these aspects, the conclusion was that suction improved visualization by removing "stone storm" and bleeding during the procedure and Thulium laser had the potential to become the new "gold standard" in the pursuit of obtaining a higher stone free rate.
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