NO EVIDENCE OF TROPHIC CASCADES IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MICROBIAL-BASED SOIL FOOD WEB

Abstract

Trophic-dynamic theories predict the biomass and productivity of trophic levels to be partially top-down regulated in food webs, and that the top-down regulation will manifest itself as cascading trophic interactions. We tested the two principal predictions deduced from these theories: trophic cascades of (1) biomass regulation and (2) productivity regulation occur in food webs. We created three food webs with either one, two, or three trophic levels in soil microcosms containing a sterilized mixture of leaf litter and humus. Twenty species of bacteria and fungi formed the first trophic level, a bacterivorous nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) and a fungivorous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) the second level, and a predatory nematode (Prionchulus punctatus) the third level. We sampled the microcosms destructively four times during a 5-mo experiment for estimations of the biomass of each of the trophic levels. CO2 evolution was analyzed once or twice a week, and NH4+-N concentration in the soil was measured at the end of the experiment. Glucose was added to the microcosms every second week to provide energy for the microbes. The biomass of microbivores was clearly regulated by the predator. The abundance of bacteria was not affected by the food chain length, and the abundance of fungi was higher in the presence of nematodes than in the pure microbial community. Net mineralization of N and C was highest in the food chains with two trophic levels, at an intermediate level in the presence of predators, and lowest in the pure microbial communities. Microbial production (estimated on the basis of microbial respiration) was higher in the food webs with two and three trophic levels than when the microbes were growing alone. Whether the biomass of the second trophic level was reduced by the predator or not had no effect on microbial biomass or microbial productivity. Therefore, although the microbivore biomass and mineralization of both C and N were regulated by the predator, our experiment did not provide evidence of cascading trophic interactions regulating the microbial biomass and productivity in decomposer food webs. The facts that microbes were able to compensate totally for the consumed biomass by increasing their turnover rate and that the microbes did not behave as a uniform trophic level prevented a trophic cascade of biomass regulation from occurring in our soil food web. Similarly, since microbial productivity did not depend on the biomass at the second trophic level, neither did a trophic cascade of productivity regulation take place.