No Clinical or Electrophysiologic Evidence Proving Intraneural Injection Is Safe

Abstract

To the Editor: The article by Sala-Blanch et al. 1paints regional anesthesia into an interesting corner. On one hand, the authors demonstrate that intraneural injection happens frequently during nerve stimulator-guided blocks. On the other hand, the article does not provide convincing evidence that intraneural injection is safe. Neuropathy after peripheral nerve block is uncommon and therefore difficult to study from an epidemiologic perspective. For this study, the unbiased estimate of the true event rate for nerve injury after intraneural injection is 0 percent. However, because of the small sample size (n = 16), the upper bound of the 95% CI on this event rate is only 20% (Clopper–Pearson method).The title of the article, “No Clinical or Electrophysiologic Evidence of Nerve Injury After Intraneural Injection During Sciatic Popliteal Block,” is misleading when reported in such a limited number of patients. It provides tacit approval of a practice that may be the cause (albeit rarely) of complications that are devastating to the patient. A large prospective trial of intraneural injections in humans is needed to quantify the risk of this practice. However, such a study is difficult to justify because animal studies already demonstrate that needle trauma alone can cause nerve injury.2,3Even animal studies showing no histologic or electrophysiologic evidence of injury after intraneural injection4do not address the most common symptoms of injury, which are paresthesia, dysesthesia, and pain. The majority of these symptoms occur without electrophysiologic abnormalities.5There is a striking paradox in this study. The investigators unknowingly performed intraneural injection in 94% of patients with the nerve stimulator. Meanwhile, their colleagues (in the same study) used ultrasound to assess local anesthetic distribution with such precision as to “identify hypoechoic aliquots of fluid between nerve fascicles.”1Few reports have illustrated the gap in capability between these two technologies so well.The truth is we do not know how often intraneural injection leads to nerve injury. However, it is reasonable to assume that piercing and injecting nerves is not therapeutic in any way. Instead of trying to convince ourselves that nerve injection and needle trauma are not so bad, why not just stop doing it? After all, we have the technology.