NO 2 but Not PM 2.5 at the Home Address is Associated with Concern over Health Effects of Air Pollution

Abstract

Background People living in urban areas in Europe are exposed to elevated concentrations of traffic-related air pollution. The lower the air pollution levels, the better for your health; so people exposed to higher concentrations should be worried more about air pollution. But are they? The aim of this analysis was to examine associations between concern over health effects of air pollution and personal and environmental factors. Methods In 7 European cities, >12,000 participants over 18 years were opportunistically recruited to complete an online questionnaire on travel and physical activity behaviour, perceptions and attitudes, and sociodemographics. The following question was assessed on a 5-point scale: “Are you worried that air pollution in the neighbourhood of either your home or work can lead to health problems?”. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to model concern over health effects of air pollution (worried (level 4–5) versus not-worried (level 1–3); city as random effect). Variables were forced into the model when they proved to be significant in bivariate analyses (significance level 0.05). Variables were chosen based on previous studies, and most variables were self-reported. Physical activity was expressed as MET minutes per week, derived from the GPAQ questionnaire. Distance from the home to the nearest major road was derived in GIS, and air pollution at the home address was determined using the West-European PM 2.5 and NO 2 land use regression models from de Hoogh et al. (2016). Results Fifty-seven percent of participants were worried over health effects of air pollution with large differences across cities (Antwerp 77%; Barcelona 81%; London 64%; Oerebro 12%; Rome 72%; Vienna 43%; Zurich 34%). Linking mean modelled air pollution directly to mean level of concern per city, gave a good correlation for NO 2 (r²=0.75), and a lower correlation for PM 2.5 (r²=0.49). In bivariate analyses, city, sex, level of education, self-reported health status, having children in the household, distance to the nearest major road, level of physical activity, and NO 2 and PM 2.5 at the home address were significantly linked to concern over health effects of air pollution. In the mixed effects logistic regression model sex, self-reported health status, having children in the household, level of physical activity, and NO 2 at the home address remained significant. Conclusions Being male, having a worse self-reported health, having children in the household, being more physically active, and higher NO 2 at the home address were associated with higher concern over health effects of air pollution.